INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIETY REVIEWS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIETY REVIEWS (INJOSER) is published once a month triannually and serves as a peer-reviewed journal specializing in field research and literature review related to Humanities and Social Science. Its aim is to offer readers a better understanding of Humanities and Social Science and to present progress through the publication of research articles and reports, which include field studies and literature reviews. This journal invites scholars and experts working in all disciplines. Articles must be original, based on field research and literature, have never been published before, and are not being considered for publication in other journals. All submitted papers will be reviewed by the Editor, editorial board, and blind reviewers. Submissions that violate our format or length guidelines will be rejected without review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIETY REVIEWS (INJOSER) is a scientific journal that publishes articles in the fields of humanity, social science. Humanities include: Language and Linguistics, History, Literature, Performing Arts, Philosophy, Religion, Fine Arts. Social Science fields of Science include: Economics, politics, Anthropology, Sociology, Psychology, Geography, Cultural and Ethical Studies, Gender and Sexuality Studies, Area Studies, Archeology, and other related fields Editor in Chief : Assoc.Prof. Dr. Aslan, M.Pd. I ISSN : 3030-802X (Online) Index : Google, Garuda, ICI Copernicus Publication Frequently : a Mountly Publisher : Adisam Publisher Contact Person : +62 852-4526-8806
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON SYNDICATED LOANS: CONCEPTS, MECHANISMS, AND LEGAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE INDONESIAN BANKING INDUSTRY
This study comprehensively examines the concept, mechanism, and legal implications of syndicated loans in the Indonesian banking industry, which are defined as joint loans by a group of banks to a single debtor with uniform terms to overcome the maximum credit limit (BMPK) in accordance with regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI), as stipulated in BI Circular Letter Number 6/33/UPK/1973, SEBI 11/26/UPK/1979, PBI 7/14/PBI/2005, and Article 1320 of the Civil Code concerning the validity of agreements. The implementation mechanism includes a sourcing stage with a feasibility study based on 5C analysis, structuring termsheets including covenants such as DSCR >1.2x, selling through syndication roadshows, and servicing by agent banks with a single facility agreement that ensures pro-rata non-joint and several risk sharing. The legal implications emphasise the rights and obligations of the parties involved, such as the debtor in relation to events of default, the lead arranger in relation to fiduciary duty, and the participants through majority voting for debt acceleration or execution of collateral rights in accordance with Law No. 4/1996, with potential disputes resolved based on pacta sunt servanda Article 1338 of the Civil Code.
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THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (GCG) AT PT BPRS HAJI MISKIN BASED ON OJK PRINCIPLES: LITERATURE REVIEW REVIEW
Good Corporate Governance (GCG) is the basic framework for the creation of healthy, transparent, and integrity Islamic banking governance. In the context of BPRS, the implementation of GCG is becoming increasingly important considering the characteristics of Islamic microfinance institutions that are vulnerable to internal risks, limited human resources, and simple organizational structures. This study aims to analyze the application of GCG in PT BPRS Haji Miskin based on the five OJK principles through a literature study method. Data was obtained from scientific journals, OJK regulations, books, and previous research on BPRS governance. The results of the study show that accountability and responsibility have been carried out quite well, while transparency, independence, and internal fairness still need to be improved. This study reinforces previous findings that BPRS has distinctive governance challenges, especially related to human resources and institutional structures. This research provides a theoretical contribution to the evaluation of GCG in small-scale BPRS and offers recommendations for strengthening governance according to OJK standards.
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON THE WRITING ABILITY OF STUDENTS OF STIEBI PRANA PUTRA LUBUKLINGGU CAMPUS
The digital era has transformed student communication patterns through social media platforms, yet its impact on academic writing abilities requires empirical investigation. This study aims to analyze the influence of social media usage on writing abilities of STIEBI Prana Putra Lubuklinggu students. The research employed a quantitative approach with cross-sectional survey design involving 50 Management Study Program students from semesters 3-8. Data were collected through structured online questionnaires and validated writing ability assessment instruments. Data analysis utilized Pearson correlation and multiple regression with SPSS version 25 software. Results revealed significant negative influence of social media usage intensity on academic writing abilities (r=-0.412, p<0.01) with 38.7% variance contribution. Instagram and TikTok platforms negatively correlated with linguistic accuracy, while writing activities on social media showed positive influence on writing creativity. These findings indicate that undirected social media usage may hinder formal writing skill development, yet structured writing activities on digital platforms can support learning. This research provides important contributions for developing writing learning strategies that effectively integrate digital technology.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROCEDURE FOR ENFORCING DECISIONS ON COLLATERAL IN SYNDICATED LOANS BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
The Indonesian constitution stipulates that Indonesia is a country based on the rule of law. In Indonesia, every citizen has equal standing before the law. This study analyses the problems of executing decisions on collateral in syndicated loans based on the principle of equality before the law. The legal issues examined in this dissertation are as follows. First, how is the legal construction of executing decisions on collateral in syndicated loans? Second, what are the legal consequences of the execution of judgments against collateral in syndicated loans for other creditors in the syndicate structure? Third, what is the appropriate legal reconstruction to overcome the obstacles to the execution of judgments against collateral in syndicated loans based on the principle of equality before the law? The research method used in this dissertation is a legal-normative research method. The results of the research are as follows. First, the execution of a judgment against collateral in syndicated loans is not in accordance with the provisions of civil procedural law as regulated by HIR/RBg. Second, in the context of the execution of a judgment against collateral in syndicated loans, there is a legal vacuum (law). Third, the legal vacuum in the regulation of the execution of judgments against collateral in syndicated loans results in the execution not complying with the principle of equality before the law, thereby causing losses to certain parties, especially in terms of the distribution of the proceeds of the execution. In relation to the three conclusions above, the author can offer the following suggestions. First, in every credit agreement deed, the facility agent and guarantor agent must be regulated in the credit agreement deed as a single entity. Second, the HIR/RBg civil procedure law needs to be amended and a national civil procedure law needs to be established in accordance with societal developments. Third, the new civil procedure law must be guided by the principle of equality before the law.
INTEGRATING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND TIME-SERIES FORECASTING FOR SMART TEXTILE PRODUCTION: TRENDS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES IN THE INDUSTRY 4.0 ERA
The increasing complexity of textile manufacturing in the industry 4.0 era has intensified the need for forecasting systems that can adapt to dynamic demand patterns, interconnected production networks, and heterogeneous data environments. This article provides a comprehensive review of how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and time-series forecasting techniques are being integrated to enhance operational intelligence within smart textile production. It synthesizes the strengths and limitations of classical statistical models, modern machine-learning architectures, and emerging hybrid approaches that combine linear decomposition with nonlinear learning. The review highlights how interconnected data ecosystems enabled by IoT sensors, RFID tracking, MES/ERP systems, edge–cloud architectures, and digital twins form the backbone of real-time predictive capabilities in contemporary textile factories. In examining recent research and industrial applications, the study identifies key opportunities for sustainability alignment, adaptive learning, and autonomous decision support, alongside persistent challenges related to data quality, interoperability, computational demands, and SME adoption barriers. Finally, the article outlines actionable future directions, including reinforcement-learning-driven forecasting, federated learning, lightweight edge analytics, standardized benchmarks, and sustainability-aware predictive models. By consolidating methodological advances and practical considerations, this review offers a grounded roadmap for deploying intelligent, responsive, and resilient forecasting systems within the evolving landscape of smart textile manufacturing.
INTEGRATION OF OPEN TYPE WIND TUNNEL STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF BAYU MICRO POWER PLANT TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
In the midst of global efforts to reduce dependence on fossil energy, the development of renewable energy technology in Indonesia is a strategic priority, especially in achieving the national energy mix target of 23% by 2025. This research integrates two fundamental aspects in the development of laboratory-scale wind energy research infrastructure: structural design of the open type wind tunnel body and performance analysis of mechanical transmission systems in micro-wind power plants operated in them. The first part of the research focuses on the validation of the structural design of wind tunnels using the finite element analysis (FEA) method with carbon steel and acrylic materials. The analysis carried out included the evaluation of von Mises voltage, strain, displacement, and safety factors in the components of the contraction chamber, turbine box, test section, and diffuser. The simulation results showed an exceptionally high structural integrity, with a Safety Factor value of 677,006 on the diffuser components, indicating a very safe design but leaving room for material optimization. The second part of the study evaluated the effectiveness of the transmission system using a 1:1 ratio pulley timing and a V-belt on the Savonius turbine (3 and 4 spoons). Empirical tests show that a 4-blade turbine produces superior performance with a rotational speed of 137.3 RPM and an electrical power of 16.8 Watts, compared to a 3-blade turbine that produces only 3.6 Watts. However, an inefficiency in the transmission system was found due to a mismatch in the belt dimensions that caused mechanical losses. The integration of these two studies provides a comprehensive blueprint for the development of robust and functional aerodynamic test tools for renewable energy applications in academic environments.
CLIMATE CHANGE LITIGATION: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES ON ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ACROSS JURISDICTIONS
This study aims to analyze the development of climate change litigation from a comparative perspective, emphasizing how environmental justice principles are interpreted and applied across jurisdictions. Using a literature review, the study examines court decisions, legal frameworks, international instruments, and academic research addressing the role of litigation as a means of accountability in addressing the climate crisis. The study demonstrates that, despite differences in social, economic, and political contexts across countries, global climate change litigation demonstrates a trend of strengthening the position of civil society and vulnerable groups in demanding equitable environmental protection. A comparison across jurisdictions reveals that countries with robust environmental legal frameworks and responsive judicial systems are better able to utilize litigation as an effective tool to encourage commitments to climate mitigation and adaptation. Furthermore, the study finds that the concept of environmental justice is increasingly becoming a central focus in climate litigation, particularly regarding the protection of the rights of future generations, the equitable distribution of climate risks, and the responsibilities of states and corporations. This literature review confirms that climate change litigation functions not only as a legal mechanism but also as a social process that drives public policy transformation. Therefore, a comparative understanding across jurisdictions can provide important insights for strengthening global climate governance and more comprehensively protecting environmental justice.
POLICY HARMONISATION IN LAND GOVERNANCE THROUGH SPATIAL DATA INTEGRATION AND INSTITUTIONAL COORDINATION
This study aims to analyze how the integration of spatial data and inter-agency coordination contribute to policy harmonization in land governance. Using a descriptive, qualitative approach, this study examines the experiences and perspectives of land officials, spatial planners, geospatial data managers, and stakeholders at both central and regional levels. The study's results indicate that regulatory fragmentation and overlapping authority between institutions continue to be the primary obstacles to achieving a consistent land policy. Spatial data integration through Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has been proven to enhance information consistency, minimize data duplication, and enhance cross-sector decision-making processes. However, the effectiveness of data integration is greatly influenced by the quality of institutional coordination, including data sharing mechanisms, technical standards, and alignment of mandates between agencies. The study also found a capacity gap between the central and regional governments, with implications for uneven policy implementation. These findings confirm that policy harmonization requires synergy between geospatial technical innovation and institutional reforms that encourage cross-sectoral collaboration. Thus, research makes a significant contribution to the development of a more integrated, transparent, and responsive land governance model that addresses development challenges.
PROMOTING LAND REGISTRATION EQUITY THROUGH SUBSIDIES AND LOW-COST FINANCING MECHANISMS
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of government subsidies and low-cost financing mechanisms in improving equal access to land registration, especially for low-income groups and rural communities. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data was obtained through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation of subsidy recipient communities, land officials, and local governments. The results of the study show that the subsidy for land registration fees significantly reduces the financial barriers that have been the main barrier for the poor in obtaining land certification. Meanwhile, low-cost financing mechanisms such as incremental payments and microcredit have been proven to help households manage the cost burden without interfering with other economic needs. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of these two instruments is strongly influenced by local institutional conditions, including bureaucratic complexity, administrative capacity, and level of transparency of land services. Geographical and social inequalities were also found, where remote areas and vulnerable groups benefited less than areas with stronger institutions. These findings confirm that cost interventions need to be accompanied by institutional improvements and increased community land literacy so that subsidies and cheap financing can function optimally as an instrument for equitable access to land registration.
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN RESOURCE COMPETENCY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN IMPROVING ORGANISATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE INDUSTRY 4.0 ERA: LITERATURE REVIEW AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
This study aims to analyse human resource competency development strategies in improving organisational performance in the Industry 4.0 era through a literature review and practical implications. Digital transformation has brought significant changes to work patterns, management systems, and workforce competency requirements. HR is now required to have not only technical skills, but also digital, collaborative, and creative competencies in order to adapt to dynamic technological developments. This study uses a qualitative method through a literature review of various scientific journals, management books, and organisational reports published in the last five years to obtain a comprehensive picture of the relationship between competency development and organisational performance. The results of the study show that effective competency development strategies include the implementation of technology-based training, continuous learning, knowledge management, and the strengthening of an organisational culture that supports innovation. These strategies have been proven to play a role in increasing productivity, efficiency, and organisational competitiveness through the improvement of individual and collective capabilities. In practical terms, organisations need to adopt HR development policies that are adaptive to technological changes by expanding reskilling and upskilling programmes, strengthening digital leadership, and building a collaborative and sustainable learning ecosystem. These findings confirm that competency development is a key pillar for creating superior and innovative organisations in facing the challenges of Industry 4.0.
THE ROLE OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF HEALTH SERVICES: A LITERATURE REVIEW ON CULTURAL AWARENESS AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS AMONG MEDICAL PERSONNEL IN INDONESIA
This study aims to examine the role of intercultural communication in improving the quality of health services in Indonesia through a literature review on cultural awareness and intercultural communication skills among medical personnel. In the context of Indonesia's multicultural society, health services require medical personnel to be able to interact with patients from various cultural backgrounds effectively, empathetically, and adaptively. This literature study collects and analyses various scientific sources, including journals, books, and research reports from the last 5 to 10 years. The results of the study show that cultural awareness is an important basis for medical personnel in understanding the values, beliefs, and health behaviours of patients, while intercultural communication skills play a role in translating this understanding into effective communication practices that respect differences. The integration of these two aspects has been proven to increase patient trust, satisfaction, and compliance with treatment, which ultimately strengthens the quality of healthcare services. This study recommends the need for policies and continuous training programmes that integrate intercultural communication competencies into the education system and professional practice of healthcare workers in Indonesia, thereby creating more inclusive, equitable, and humane healthcare services.
REVITALIZATION OF THE INDONESIAN POSTAL MUSEUM WEBSITE THROUGH THE DESIGN THINKING APPROACH
The Indonesian Postal Museum is facing challenges in attracting the attention of younger generations. The purpose of this study is to create an interactive website based on artificial intelligence (AI) that maximizes the user's digital experience. This method will use Design Thinking Approach. Empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test those the five steps in this approach, which uses a qualitative descriptive approach. To collect data, observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature review were employed. The research findings indicate that the use of AI features such as chatbots, content personalization, and other interactive components can enhance user engagement online and encourage them to visit the museum in person. It is hoped that this project will serve as a model for digital revitalization for other museums in Indonesia
THE REVITALIZATION OF THE POSTAL MUSEUM THROUGH INTERACTIVE DISPLAY MEDIA AND EDUCATIONAL ZONES
This study explores the revitalization strategy of the Museum Pos Indonesia through the implementation of interactive display media and the arrangement of display zones based on visitor experience. The focus is directed toward transforming the previously conventional presentation of collections and exhibition spaces into formats that are more communicative, educational, and aligned with the needs of the digital generation. The research adopts a qualitative approach using Design Thinking (empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test), supported by the Double Diamond framework from the UK Design Council. Data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature review on the digitalization of educational spaces and user-centered design. The results indicate that technologies such as touchscreen displays, QR codes, and augmented reality (AR) can enhance visitor engagement and enrich the delivery of historical narratives. The reorganization of structured display zones also contributes to creating a more immersive and guided visitor experience. This study recommends the adoption of adaptive display systems that align with technological advancements and audience preferences, so that Museum Pos Indonesia may function not only as an archive but also as a dynamic and inclusive medium of cultural communication.
APPLICATION OF INTERACTIVE MEDIA AND DIGITAL MEDIA FOR THE REVITALIZATION OF THE MUSEUM POS INDONESIA
Museum Pos Indonesia in Bandung has the potential to be a rich educational and historical tourism center, but faces challenges in attracting visitors, especially the younger generation, due to its conventional presentation and lack of utilization of digital technology. In the revitalization effort, an interactive technology-based design approach is seen as a solution to create a more engaging, informative, and relevant museum experience. This research applies a qualitative method with a Design Thinking approach, which includes five stages: empathize by conducting observations and interviews with visitors and managers, define to formulate the main problems of the museum, ideate in designing interactivity-based design solutions, prototype as a visualization of space and media, and test to test the effectiveness of the visitor experience. Digital interactive media such as touch screens, video mapping, augmented reality, and QR code-based audio systems are designed and adapted to visitor segmentation from children to adults. It is hoped that the results of this research will create a showroom atmosphere that is educative, inclusive and fun, and strengthen the position of Museum Pos Indonesia as a modern cultural institution that is able to adapt in the digital era.
REVITALIZING THE INDONESIAN POSTAL MUSEUM THROUGH EXPERIENCE SPACE ATMOSPHERE AS INTERACTIVE ELEMENT
Museum Pos Indonesia, which was established in 1931, records the history of the development of postal services in Indonesia. However, a lack of innovation in the delivery of information has led to a decline in interest from visitors, especially the younger generation. This report discusses the museum's revitalization efforts with a focus on spatial ambience to create an interactive and educational experience. Elements such as lighting, materials, colors, and layout are arranged to build an atmosphere that supports historical understanding. This research uses a design thinking approach, through the stages of observation, interviews, problem formulation, idea development, prototyping, and testing. As a result, the museum space is divided into four thematic zones that illustrate the history of postal communication from the royal period to the digital future. Each zone is equipped with interactive media such as touch screens, video mapping, and digital simulations. This revitalization aims to make the museum more dynamic and participatory, so as to attract visitors, especially the younger generation who are accustomed to technology and visual experiences
APPLICATION OF HEALING ARCHITECTURE IN THE INTERIOR OF A CANCER FIGHTER SHELTER HOUSE
The increasing number of cancer patients in Indonesia encourages the need for adequate supporting facilities, especially for patients outside the region who undergo treatment in Bandung and need a temporary place during the healing process. Yayasan Rumah Cinta Insani in Bandung is one of the halfway houses that accommodates cancer patients, especially children to adolescents and their families. However, the inadequate layout, facilities, comfort, and accessibility make this environment unable to fully support the healing process. Applying the Healing Architecture concept to the interior of the halfway house is a key solution to create an environment that is healthier, safer, and supports the physical and mental well-being of patients. Key design elements include natural lighting, ventilation, color, comfort, and accessibility. This research uses a qualitative method with a Design Thinking approach, including five stages: empathize through observation and interviews with patients, caregivers, and managers; define the main problem to find a solution; ideate presents ideas; prototype as the result; and test to evaluate the proposed design. The goal is to produce a more humane, flexible, and efficient halfway house. The expected result is an environment that supports holistic healing, improves comfort for patients and families, and adapts to resident needs
OBSERVATION OF WATER FLOW IN THE BALL VALVE BEFORE AND AFTER REPAIRS USING LAPPING MACHINES
In industrial piping systems, particularly in the oil and gas, petrochemical, and power generation sectors, ball valves are one of the most important components in controlling fluid flow. Defects on the contact surfaces pose risks of leakage, pressure drop, and flow disruption. These issues not only reduce system efficiency but also increase the potential for further damage. One of the commonly used repair methods is lapping, which is the process of smoothing the surfaces of the ball and seat to improve contact compatibility. The effectiveness of lapping is typically tested through a hydro test, where pressure stability over time serves as the primary indicator of post-repair flow performance. The primary objective of this study is to identify changes in pressure patterns and analyze trends in pressure stability in ball valves before and after repair using a lapping machine, evaluated through a hydro test. The research method is a quantitative experiment. Data collection is based on pressure-versus-time graphs from the hydro test on each ball valve in two conditions: before and after lapping. The results of the study show that before lapping, all ball valves experienced significant pressure fluctuations and were unable to maintain test pressure, indicating leakage. However, after the lapping process, the ball valves consistently showed a drastic improvement in performance, with stable pressure graphs and the ability to maintain maximum pressure (±900 - 920 psi) during the holding phase. These findings significantly contribute to the understanding that lapping is a highly effective repair method for restoring the sealing integrity of ball valves. The lapping process successfully restores the ball valve's ability to withstand pressure optimally, thereby improving water flow stability. Implicitly, this method can serve as an efficient practical solution for ball valve maintenance in industry.
CITIZENSHIP THEORY AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION IN BUILDING CIVIC VIRTUE IN INDONESIA
This study aims to analyze citizenship theory and its implementation in building civic virtue in Indonesia. The research is motivated by the crucial role of citizenship education in forming ethical, participatory, and character-driven citizens in accordance with Pancasila values. The challenges of globalization and modernization have led to shifts in moral values and increased individualism, which potentially weaken the spirit of civic virtue. Therefore, this study focuses on how citizenship theories, such as liberal, republican, and communitarian, can be adapted to strengthen civic practices in the Indonesian context. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach, examining various scholarly sources, journals, and relevant policy documents. Data were analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify patterns of citizenship values and the application of civic virtue in various spheres of life. The findings indicate that citizenship theories provide a conceptual foundation for shaping responsible and actively participating citizens in societal and state life. Civic virtue is understood as a set of values, including honesty, social responsibility, care, and mutual cooperation (gotong royong), that support the healthy functioning of socio-political life. In Indonesia, the implementation of these values is reflected in Pancasila and Citizenship Education, national character-building programs, and community social movements. However, its application still faces obstacles, such as inconsistent curriculum implementation, the influence of digital media, and a decline in collective awareness. In conclusion, strengthening civic virtue needs to be pursued through value-based education rooted in Pancasila, inclusive public policies, and social exemplarity from various elements of society. This study is expected to provide a conceptual contribution to the development of citizenship science and the cultivation of civilized citizen character.
THE URGENCY OF CIVIC EDUCATION IN SHAPING DIGITAL CITIZENS' CHARACTER IN THE SOCIETY 5.0 ERA
This study aims to analyze the urgency of Citizenship Education in shaping the character of digital citizens in the Society 5.0 era, which is characterized by the integration of physical and digital spaces. Rapid technological transformation presents new challenges, such as the spread of hoaxes, moral degradation, and weak digital ethics, necessitating the strategic role of Citizenship Education in instilling Pancasila values, social responsibility, and ethical media awareness. This research employs a qualitative descriptive method through a literature study, analyzing various relevant national and international scholarly works on civic education, digital citizenship, and Society 5.0. The findings indicate that Citizenship Education plays a crucial role in forming intelligent, critical, and ethically-digital citizens by strengthening digital literacy, media ethics, and project-based learning with digital simulations. Furthermore, the study reveals that Citizenship Education learning must transform by integrating technology and national values to align with the demands of the digital era. The implications of this research affirm the necessity for a digital literacy-based Citizenship Education curriculum, enhancing teacher technological competency, and government policy support to strengthen digital character education. Thus, Citizenship Education does not only function as normative education but also serves as a strategic means of shaping civilized, responsible, and Pancasila-minded digital citizens.
NATIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE ERA OF GLOBALIZATION: THE CHALLENGES OF MULTICULTURALISM AND THE EFFORTS OF INDONESIAN YOUTH
This study aims to analyze the challenges of Indonesia’s national integration in the era of globalization, which has become increasingly complex due to multicultural dynamics and global influences on national values, identity, and solidarity. The main problem addressed is how Indonesia’s diverse ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds may lead to potential disintegration if not balanced by strong national awareness. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature study method that examines theories of social integration, globalization, and the role of youth in national development. Data were gathered from academic sources such as journals, books, policy reports, and previous studies. The findings reveal that globalization has two major impacts: first, it opens cross-cultural interactions that enrich national perspectives; second, it increases challenges to national identity due to global cultural penetration. In this context, Indonesian youth play a vital role as agents of national integration through social innovation, digital literacy, and the strengthening of tolerance and cooperation values. Efforts to sustain national integration amid multiculturalism require synergy between government policy, educational institutions, and youth movements to build a collective consciousness of unity in diversity.
ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL BASIS FOR THE FULFILLMENT OF CUSTOMARY DEFAULT SANCTIONS (Contract Agreement)
This research aims to examine more deeply the fulfillment of default sanctions through customary law from a positive legal aspect. This is intended to get a clear picture of how the sanctions of default are applied through customary law and views in posisitf law. This research is a type of doctrinal normative research (doctrinal reseach), the selection of the type is based on several understandings and opinions of the author, This research uses a legal comparative approach, a conceptual approach (conceptual approach), and a case approach (case aproach).A comparative approach to legislation is also very necessary because as a legal country that adheres to the Civi law system, laws are the main source of law (rule based). A comparison of laws was carried out by examining all laws and related regulations in this study. This study explains that customary law has an important role in the arrangement of treaty contracts in indigenous peoples of Indonesia. As a cultural heritage recognized in the 1945 Constitution, customary law provides a basis for the implementation of agreements, especially those carried out orally based on mutual trust. Principles such as freedom of contract, consensualism, legal certainty, and good faith are important foundations for the validity of contracts in customary and national law.
ARISTOTLE AND ROUSSEAU'S THOUGHTS ON CITIZENSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN INDONESIAN DEMOCRACY
This study aims to analyze Aristotle’s and Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s thoughts on the concept of citizenship and their relevance to modern Indonesian democracy. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, the research examines the primary texts of both philosophers and situates their ideas in critical dialogue with Indonesia’s contemporary socio-political realities. For Aristotle, a citizen is one who actively participates in governance and public life to achieve eudaimonia or collective well-being. Rousseau, on the other hand, emphasizes the general will (volonté générale) as the foundation of political legitimacy, where the ideal citizen prioritizes the common good over individual interests. In the Indonesian context, these perspectives resonate with the participatory principles of Pancasila democracy, which upholds deliberation, mutual cooperation, and social justice. Nevertheless, Indonesia’s democratic practice continues to face challenges such as political apathy, oligarchic dominance, and low civic literacy. The findings suggest that a synthesis between Aristotle’s political rationality and Rousseau’s collective morality could strengthen Indonesian citizenship toward a more substantive democracy. Thus, philosophical reflection on classical concepts of citizenship provides an ethical and normative framework for enhancing a civilized and socially just democratic life in Indonesia.
THE STATUS AND RIGHTS OF CITIZENS IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE INDONESIAN CONSTITUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE 1945 CONSTITUTION
This study aims to analyze the status and rights of citizens from the perspective of the Indonesian Constitution, with a particular focus on the provisions stipulated in the 1945 Constitution. The primary issue addressed in this research is the gap between constitutional guarantees of citizens’ rights especially the right to education and the realities encountered in practical implementation. Although the 1945 Constitution provides a strong legal foundation through Articles 27–34 and 28A–28J, various challenges such as unequal access to education, low legal literacy, and limited institutional capacity continue to hinder the fair and equitable fulfillment of citizens’ rights. This research employs a literature study method by reviewing constitutional documents and scholarly journal articles related to the protection of citizens’ fundamental rights. The findings indicate that ensuring the realization of citizens’ rights, particularly in the context of Islamic education, requires institutional strengthening, enhanced teacher competence, and the integration of constitutional and human rights values into Islamic Religious Education curricula. Accordingly, this study contributes to the development of knowledge and professional practices in Islamic education that are just, inclusive, and aligned with constitutional mandates.
NATIONAL DEFENSE AS A FORM OF YOUTH PARTICIPATION IN STRENGTHENING NATIONAL RESILIENCE
This study aims to analyze national defense as a form of youth participation in strengthening Indonesia’s national resilience. The main problem addressed is the low awareness among young generations regarding their role in maintaining national stability and security amidst globalization, transnational ideological threats, and rapid technological advancement. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using literature review and policy analysis related to youth involvement in the total defense system. Data were collected from official documents, academic literature, and previous studies. The results indicate that active youth participation in social, educational, and civic defense programs significantly contributes to strengthening national resilience in ideological, sociocultural, and security dimensions. Therefore, enhancing youth capacity and awareness of national defense is a crucial factor in building a strong, adaptive, and sustainable national resilience capable of responding to multidimensional threats.
SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW : TRENDS IN E-LKPD IN THE CONTEXT OF SCIENCE LEARNING
Technological developments demand various sustainable innovations in the world of education. E-LKPD is one of the relevant media to support the learning process. This research is a systematic literature review (SLR) that aims to analyze the trend of E-LKPD in the context of science learning. This study is carried out by identifying, analyzing, and synthesizing research articles published in the last five years from 2020 to 2025 from leading databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and DOAJ. The results of the analysis show that the trend of using E-LKPD in science learning has increased significantly, especially in the development of interactive features, multimedia integration, and the application of innovative learning models such as inquiry, discovery learning, PBL, and PJBL. The results were obtained from 38 inclusive articles, after going through a filtering stage, 20 articles were used. The inclusive E-LKPD plays an important role in improving learning motivation, learning outcomes, scientific literacy, critical thinking skills, collaboration skills, and science process skills. However, challenges related to the technical, pedagogical, and cultural aspects of E-LKPD still need to be considered.
ENHANCING THE SENSORIMOTOR ABILITIES OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS THROUGH MONTESSORI-BASED SENSORY TEXTURE BOARDS
This study aims to test the effectiveness of Montessori-based sensory texture boards in improving the sensory-motor abilities of children with special needs at Al Wardah Kindergarten, Peterongan District, Jombang Regency. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest design involving 40 children with special needs aged 4-6 years who were selected through a purposive sampling technique. The intervention was carried out for 8 weeks with a frequency of 2-3 times per week, a total of 10 sessions, using sensory texture boards designed based on Montessori principles. The research instrument was a sensory-motor ability observation sheet that had been validated by experts with high reliability. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The results showed a very significant increase in children's sensory-motor abilities (Z = -5.238; p-value = 0.000). The average increase in ability was 29.15%, with 95% of subjects experiencing improvement. The highest improvement occurred in sensory perception (30.7%), followed by fine motor skills (30.6%), gross motor skills (29.6%), and sensory-motor integration (25.8%). This study concluded that Montessori-based sensory texture boards are effective as a learning medium for improving sensory-motor skills in children with special needs. The Montessori approach, which emphasizes independent exploration and learning through direct sensory experiences, has been shown to be well-suited to the needs of children with special needs.
REDISCOVERING PANCASILA-BASED CIVIC EDUCATION THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ETHICS: A FRAMEWORK FOR CHARACTER AND DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP TRANSFORMATION IN INDONESIA
This study aims to formulate a conceptual framework for civic education grounded in Pancasila values ​​and integrated with artificial intelligence ethics (AI Ethics) as a strategic approach to transform character and digital citizenship in Indonesia. The background of this study arises from the growing ethical challenges in the digital era, such as AI misuse in the form of disinformation, data manipulation, and moral degradation, all of which threaten national identity and moral integrity. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach based on library research (conceptual and normative literature review), this study analyzes the conceptual interrelation between Pancasila values, AI ethical principles, and the paradigm of digital citizenship education through content analysis of academic literature, national education policies, and international AI ethics frameworks. The findings reveal a substantial alignment between the core principles of AI ethics, transparency, fairness, accountability, and humanity - and the foundational moral values ​​of Pancasila. Integrating these dimensions produces a conceptual model called the Ethical Digital Citizenship Framework, serving as a guide for curriculum development and character education policies in the age of artificial intelligence. Conceptually, this research contributes to enriching transformative educational discourse that bridges local moral wisdom with global ethical values ​​and offers strategic directions for shaping digital citizens who are faithful, civilized, and morally responsible in the era of intelligent technology.
A CULTURALLY SENSITIVE APPROACH IN HEALTH LAW TO BUILD TRUST BETWEEN PATIENTS AND MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF HOSPITAL SERVICES: A LITERATURE REVIEW
This study discusses a culturally sensitive approach in the context of health law as an effort to build trust between patients and medical personnel and improve the quality of hospital services. A culturally sensitive approach in health law focuses on recognising, respecting, and protecting the cultural diversity of patients in the medical service process, which in turn strengthens therapeutic relationships and creates an inclusive and responsive service environment. A literature review method was used to analyse various studies and regulations relevant to the integration of cultural values in health law practice and its implications for patient trust and service quality. The results of the review show that the application of a culturally sensitive approach significantly increases patient trust through more effective communication, respect for cultural values, and reduced discrimination. The trust that is built has a positive impact on treatment compliance, patient satisfaction, and loyalty to the hospital. In addition, the quality of hospital services becomes more humane and in line with the cultural needs of patients, which contributes to the positive reputation of the institution and the sustainability of services. In conclusion, the integration of a culturally sensitive approach in health law is a key strategy in building a fair, inclusive, and high-quality healthcare system. This study highlights the importance of developing legal regulations and cultural competency training for medical personnel to address the needs and challenges of cultural diversity in modern healthcare. Practical implications are suggested for policymakers and hospitals to continue optimising the application of these principles in order to improve trust and service quality in a sustainable manner.
META ANALYSIS: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING ETHNOSCIENCE-BASED SCIENCE MODULES IN IMPROVING STUDENTS' SCIENTIFIC LITERACY
This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of science modules based on ethnoscience in improving students' scientific literacy through a meta-analysis approach. Scientific literacy is a key 21st-century competency that encompasses conceptual understanding, critical thinking skills, and the ability to relate science to real-life contexts. However, various studies have shown that the level of scientific literacy among Indonesian students remains low, indicating the need for more contextual and meaningful learning approaches. Ethnoscience, as an integration of science and local culture, is seen as a promising approach to bridge the gap between science content and students' social realities. This study analyzed eight articles published between 2016 and 2025, selected based on their focus on the effectiveness of ethnoscience-based science modules in enhancing students' scientific literacy in Indonesia. Pretest and posttest data from each study were analyzed using descriptive statistics and effect size calculation through Cohen's d. The results showed that the average scientific literacy score increased from 44.65% (pretest) to 81.79% (posttest), with an average gain of 37.14%. The Cohen's d value of 2.865 indicates a very large effect size. These findings demonstrate that ethnoscience-based modules consistently improve students' scientific literacy and help reduce disparities in academic achievement. The study recommends the development of culturally relevant science modules and teacher training programs to ensure effective implementation in diverse educational contexts .
EFFECTIVENESS OF USING ETHNOSCIENCE-BASED SCIENCE MODULES
THE IMPACT OF INTERIOR DESIGN ELEMENTS ON VISITOR ATTRACTION AT CIHAPIT MARKET’S WET MARKET ZONE
Traditional markets play a vital role in Indonesia’s economic and socio-cultural landscape but continue to face challenges related to comfort and spatial appeal. This study aims to analyze the influence of interior elements on visitor perception in the wet market area of Cihapit Market, Bandung, with particular attention to gender-based differences through the lens of multisensory theory. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining field observations grounded in Environmental Behavior Studies (EBS) with questionnaires involving 100 respondents. The findings reveal that male visitors tend to be more critical of functional aspects, particularly spatial circulation, which is perceived as ineffective due to narrow pathways and faded floor markings. In contrast, female visitors are more sensitive to multisensory aspects, such as dim lighting, low cleanliness caused by stagnant water and organic waste, and poor air quality due to pervasive fishy odors. These results highlight that spatial experience in traditional markets is shaped by complex multisensory interactions in which visual, tactile, kinesthetic, and olfactory stimuli collectively influence perceptions of comfort and safety. Therefore, interior design strategies for traditional markets should focus on integrating inclusive multisensory experiences to enhance comfort, attractiveness, and competitiveness amid changing modern consumer behaviors.